Augustus is standing on a marble plinth (about 1,50 m) with the following text on it: "Cesare Augusto Imperator - Fondatore del Porto di Classe". It's a copy of the very famous Augustus of Prima Porta marble statue. The bronze statue weighs about 2,500 kg.
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"Augustus is shown in this role of "Imperator", the commander of the army, as thoracatus —or commander-in-chief of the Roman army (literally, thorax-wearer)—meaning the statue should form part of a commemorative monument to his latest victories; he is in military clothing, carrying a consular baton and raising his right hand in a rhetorical adlocutio pose, addressing the troops. The bas-reliefs on his armored cuirass have a complex allegorical and political agenda, alluding to diverse Roman deities, including Mars, god of war, as well as the personifications of the latest territories he conquered: Hispania, Gaul, Germania, Parthia (that had humiliated Crassus, and here appears in the act of returning the standards captured from his legions); at the top, the chariot of the Sun illuminates Augustus's deeds.
The statue is an idealized image of Augustus showing a standard pose of a Roman orator and based on the 5th-century BC statue of the Spear Bearer or Doryphoros by the sculptor Polykleitos. The Doryphoros's contrapposto stance, creating diagonals between tense and relaxed limbs, a feature typical of classical sculpture, is adapted here. The pose of the statue's legs is similar to Doryphoros. The right leg is taut, while the left leg is relaxed, as if the statue is moving forward. The misidentification of the Doryphoros in the Roman period as representing the warrior Achilles made the model all the more appropriate for this image. Despite the Republican influence in the portrait head, the overall style is closer to Hellenistic idealization than to the realism of Roman portraiture. The reason for this style shift is the acquisition of Greek art. Following each conquest, the Romans brought back large amounts of Greek art. This flow of Greek artifacts changed Romans' aesthetic tastes, and these art pieces were regarded as a symbol of wealth and status for the Roman upper class.
Despite the accuracy with which Augustus' features are depicted (with his somber look and characteristic fringe), the distant and tranquil expression of his face has been idealized, as have the conventional contrapposto, the anatomical proportions and the deeply draped paludamentum or "cloth of the commander". On the other hand, Augustus's barefootedness... The clear Greek inspiration in style and symbol for official sculptural portraits, which under the Roman emperors became instruments of governmental propaganda, is a central part of the Augustan ideological campaign, a shift from the Roman Republican era iconography where old and wise features were seen as symbols of solemn character. Therefore, the Prima Porta statue marks a conscious reversal of iconography to the Greek classical and Hellenistic period, in which youth and strength were valued as signs of leadership, emulating heroes and culminating in Alexander the Great himself. Such a statue's political function was very obvious—to show Rome that the emperor Augustus was an exceptional figure, comparable to the heroes worthy of being raised to divine status on Olympus, and the best man to govern Rome." (
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Gaio Giulio Cesare Augusto (in latino: Gaius Iulius Caesar Augustus; nelle epigrafi: C·IVLIVS·C·F·CAESAR·IIIVIR·RPC; Roma, 23 settembre 63 a.C. – Nola, 19 agosto 14), nato come Gaio Ottavio Turino (Gaius Octavius Thurinus) e meglio conosciuto come Ottaviano o Augusto, è stato il primo imperatore romano dal 27 a.C. al 14 d.C. Nel 27 a.C. egli rimise le cariche nelle mani del senato; in cambio ebbe un imperio proconsolare che lo rese capo dell'esercito e il Senato romano, dietro suggerimento di Lucio Munazio Planco, gli conferì il titolo di Augustus il 16 gennaio del 27 a.C., cioè il più autorevole fra i politici di Roma e il suo nome ufficiale fu da quel momento Imperator Caesar Divi filius Augustus (nelle epigrafi IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS).
Augusto volle trasmettere l'immagine di sé come principe pacifico e quella di Roma come trionfatrice universale attraverso un uso accorto delle immagini, l'abbellimento della città di Roma, la tutela degli intellettuali che celebravano il principato, la riqualificazione del senato e dell'ordine degli equites. La storiografia contemporanea si è occupata dell’eredità storica di Augusto, soprattutto dopo le distorsioni operate durante il ventennio fascista in cui la propaganda di regime celebrava Augusto per l’opera pacificatrice e la creazione di uno stato universale che preludeva alla fondazione dell’Impero italiano. Lo stesso Augusto ha voluto lasciare di sé un’immagine eroica nelle Res gestae, consapevolmente sostenne Virgilio in questa celebrazione nell’Eneide: durante la sua vita Augusto aveva evitato di attribuirsi appellativi divini, ma subito dopo la sua morte fu subito considerato figlio di Dio[37]. Già dopo alcuni decenni dalla sua morte però alcuni storici come Seneca il Vecchio, Lucio Anneo Seneca, Sallustio, Svetonio e Appiano hanno tramandato la violenza delle proscrizioni, la conquista astuta del potere e la politica autocratica di Augusto.
Dal punto di vista amministrativo, le riforme di Augusto furono importanti e durature. Attribuì le province non pacificate a legati imperiali scelti da lui stesso, lasciando le altre a proconsoli di rango senatorio; tutti però rispondevano all'imperatore. Augusto tenne per sé l'Egitto, sotto il governo di un suo prefetto. Riformò il sistema fiscale e monetario. Riorganizzò l'amministrazione della città di Roma attribuendo ad alti funzionari statali la cura dell'urbanistica, la responsabilità dell'approvvigionamento alimentare e la gestione delle acque." Wikipedia (
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"Caesar Augustus (23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor, reigning from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.[nb 1] His status as the founder of the Roman Principate (the first phase of the Roman Empire) has consolidated a legacy as one of the most effective leaders in human history. The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana. The Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries, despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the Empire's frontiers and the year-long civil war known as the "Year of the Four Emperors" over the imperial succession.
Originally named Gaius Octavius, he was born into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian gens Octavia. His maternal great-uncle Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC and Octavius was named in Caesar's will as his adopted son and heir; as a result, he inherited Caesar's name, estate, and the loyalty of his legions. He, Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassins of Caesar. Following their victory at the Battle of Philippi (42 BC), the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic among themselves and ruled as de facto dictators. The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart by the competing ambitions of its members; Lepidus was exiled in 36 BC and Antony was defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.
After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Augustus restored the outward façade of the free Republic, with governmental power vested in the Roman Senate, the executive magistrates and the legislative assemblies, yet maintained autocratic authority by having the Senate grant him lifetime tenure as supreme military command, tribune and censor. A similar ambiguity is seen in his chosen names, the implied rejection of monarchical titles whereby he called himself Princeps Civitatis (First Citizen) juxtaposed with his adoption of the ancient title Augustus.
Augustus dramatically enlarged the Empire, annexing Egypt, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum and Raetia, expanding possessions in Africa, and completing the conquest of Hispania, but suffered a major setback in Germania. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the Empire with a buffer region of client states and made peace with the Parthian Empire through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads with an official courier system, established a standing army, established the Praetorian Guard, official police and fire-fighting services for Rome, and rebuilt much of the city during his reign. Augustus died in AD 14 at the age of 75, probably from natural causes. Persistent rumors, substantiated somewhat by deaths in the imperial family, have claimed his wife Livia poisoned him. He was succeeded as emperor by his adopted son Tiberius, Livia's son and also former husband of Augustus' only biological daughter Julia." Wikipedia (
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