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Stones with Folds EarthCache

Hidden : 2/22/2017
Difficulty:
4 out of 5
Terrain:
1.5 out of 5

Size: Size:   other (other)

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Geocache Description:





 

Rochas com dobras

 

As dobras nas rochas são uma estrutura causada pela flexão de estruturas geológicas. A flexão pode ser rítmica ou pode abranger apenas zonas isoladas, rodeadas por áreas não dobradas.

A extensão das dobras pode variar de áreas submicroscópicas até comprimentos de ondas com dezenas de quilómetros.

A maioria das obras ocorrem por compressão, mas também podem ocorrer dobras no âmbito de estruturas de distensão.

Aqui podes ver uma representação geológica precisa de uma dobra:   



 

A área tem uma vasta estrutura, dado que é possível distinguir diferentes formas, orientações, raios, curvas, etc.   Mas este assunto daria pano para mangas, pelo que vos quero explicar aqui um pouco as formas das dobras.

Quanto às formas das dobras, podem existir, por exemplo, dobras tipo vinco, tipo corcunda, tipo cortada, etc. Estes mecanismos de formação de dobras dependem da temperatura, da pressão, do tamanho do grão e se a rocha possui uma matriz competente (rígida) ou incompetente (menos rígida).

Em caso de competência elevada, a dobra de uma pilha é causada pelo deslizamento das camadas, umas contra as outras.

Em caso de menos competência, ocorre uma rutura das camadas. Na figura podes ver os diferentes tipos de dobras:

 


Relativamente à descrição geológica de rochas competentes e incompetentes:

É um contraste relativo da plasticidade de dois tipos de pedra diferentes adjacentes. O material com a plasticidade mais elevada e que, por isso, deforma menos, é competente; o material com menor plasticidade, por isso que deforma mais, é incompetente.

Em caso de grande contraste na competência, a dobra de uma pilha das camadas de rocha é permitida pelo deslizamento das camadas individuais dos flancos da dobra umas contra as outras (dobra por deslizamento).

Em caso de contraste de competência reduzida ou camadas incompetentes mais espessas, ocorre um corte penetrativo, paralelo à estrutura da camada (dobra por flexão).

E isso é bastante visível na crista.

Fonte UNI Karlsruhe, www.GeoDZ.com

 

E, agora, as perguntas:

  1. Aqui podes ver muito bem como a rocha se dobrou. Em que direção ocorre a dobra?
  2. Wie breit schätzt du hier die Lagen?
  3. Qual a largura aproximada das camadas? 
  4. Pensas que se trata de uma dobra competente ou incompetente? 
  5. Que rocha criou aqui a dobra? .
  6. Uma fotografia tua ou do teu GPS na crista seria bom, mas é apenas opcional

 

Envia-me as tuas respostas através da minha GC-Account. Em seguida, podes conectar-te imediatamente. Não tens que esperar pela minha autorização! Se algo estiver errado, entro em contacto contigo.

Bom dia e divirtam-se, são os votos de

Ed laugh

 

© by kiaw ³³

 




 

Stones with Folds 


A geological fold occurs when one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of permanent deformation.

Folds occur in submicroscopic range up to wave lengths of many kilometers. Most of the folds form under the various conditions of stress and pressure, but some folds form also under the conditions of stretching.

Here you can see an exact geological representation of a fold:




Folds are classified by their size, fold shape, tightness, and dip of the axial plane. It would be too much to describe all, but I'll give you some general information about the types of folds:

  • Antiform: linear, strata dip away from axial center, age unknown, or inverted.
  • Synform: linear, strata dip toward axial centre, age unknown, or inverted.
  • Dome: nonlinear, strata dip away from center in all directions, oldest strata in center.
  • Basin: nonlinear, strata dip toward center in all directions, youngest strata in center.
  • Monocline: linear, strata dip in one direction between horizontal layers on each side.
  • Chevron: angular fold with straight limbs and small hinges
  • Recumbent: linear, fold axial plane oriented at low angle resulting in overturned strata in one limb of the fold.
  • Slump: typically monoclinal, result of differential compaction or dissolution during sedimentation and lithification.
  • Ptygmatic: Folds are chaotic, random and disconnected. Typical of sedimentary slump folding, migmatites and decollement detachment zones.
  • Parasitic: short wavelength folds formed within a larger wavelength fold structure - normally associated with differences in bed thickness
  • Disharmonic: Folds in adjacent layers with different wavelengths and shapes

These fold types and their formation depend on temperature, pressure, grain measure and on the fact, if the rock mass is competent or incompetent.



Geologic description of competent or incompetent rock mass:

In geology competence refers to the degree of resistance of rocks to either erosion or deformation in terms of relative mechanical strength. Competent rocks are more commonly exposed at outcrop as they tend to form upland areas and high cliffs or headlands, where present on a coastline. Incompetent rocks tend to form lowlands and are often poorly exposed at the surface. During deformation competent beds tend to deform elastically by either buckling or faulting/fracturing. Incompetent beds tend to deform more plastically, although it is the 'competence contrast' between different rocks that is most important in determining the types of structure that are formed.

Source: UNI Karlsruhe, www.GeoDZ.com

 

And now - the questions:

  1. At Header you can see clearly how the rock mass has been folded. In which direction does the folding run?
  2. How thick are the rock layers (strata) in your opinion?
  3. What do you think - are these examples for competent or incompetend folds?
  4. What type of rock forms this rockface?
  5. It would be nice if you would post a picture of yourself or your GPS unit near the rock at the header coordinates with your log, but this is optional.

 

Please, send me your answers via my GC-Account. You can log immediately after you sent me your answers, you don't have to wait for log permission! If there's something wrong, I'll contact you.

Have a nice day and much fun!

Ed laugh

 

© by kiaw ³³

 




 

Steine mit Falten 

 

Falten im Gestein sind eine Struktur, die durch Verbiegung geologischer Vorzeichnungen entstanden sind. Die Verbiegung kann rhythmisch sein oder sie kann nur isolierte Zonen erfassen, die von nicht gefalteten Bereichen umgeben sind.

Falten können in Größenmaßstäben vom submikroskopischen Bereichen  bis zu Wellenlängen von Zehner Kilometern Abständen auftreten.

Die meisten Falten entstehen durch Einengung, aber es können sich auch Falten im Zusammenhang mit Dehnungsstrukturen bilden.

Hier kannst du eine genaue geologische Darstellung einer Falte sehen: 



 

Das Gebiet ist sehr breit gefächert, da man verschiedene Formen, Richtungen, Radien, Krümmungen usw unterscheidet.  Das wäre aber zu viel des Guten, daher will ich Euch hier die Faltenformen ein wenig erklären.

Bei den Faltenformen gibt es z.B. Knickfalten, Buckelfalten, Scherfalten usw. Diese Faltenmechanismen sind abhängig von Temperatur, Druck, Korngröße und ob das Gestein eine kompetente (feste) oder inkompetente (weniger feste) Matrix hat.

Bei hoher Kompetenz wird eine Faltung eines Stapels dadurch ermöglicht, dass die einzelnen Lagen gegeneinander gleiten.

Bei weniger hoher Kompetenz kommt es zu einer Scherung der Lagen. Am Bild kannst du die verschiedenen Faltung sehen:

 


Zur geologischen Beschreibung von kompetenten und inkompetenten Gestein:

Das ist ein relativer Kontrast der Fliessfestigkeit zweier verschiedener, benachbarter Gesteinsarten. Das Material mit der grösseren Fliessfestigkeit, welches somit weniger stark deformiert wird, ist kompetent; das Material mit der geringeren Fliessfestigkeit, welches also stärker deformiert wird, ist inkompetent.

Bei hohem Kompetenzkontrast wird die Faltung eines Stapels von Lagen dadurch ermöglicht, dass die einzelnen Lagen in den Faltenschenkeln gegeneinander gleiten (Biegegleitfaltung).

Bei geringerem Kompetenzkontrast oder in dicken inkompetenten Lagen kommt es zu penetrativer Scherung parallel zum Lagenbau (Biegefliessfaltung).

Und genau das ist am Header gut sichtbar.

Quelle: UNI Karlsruhe, www.GeoDZ.com

 

Und nun zu den Fragen:

  1. Hier siehst du sehr schön, wie sich das Gestein gefaltet hat. In welche Richtung verläuft die Faltung? 
  2. Wie breit schätzt du hier die Lagen?
  3. Was glaubst du - handelt es sich hier um eine kompetente oder inkompetente Faltung? 
  4. Welches Gestein hat hier die Faltung erzeugt?
  5. Ein Foto beim Header von dir oder deinem GPS wäre nett, ist aber optional

 

Sende mir deine Antworten über meinen GC-Account. Danach kannst du sofort loggen. Du benötigst meine Logerlaubnis nicht abzuwarten! Wenn etwas falsch sein sollte, melde ich mich bei dir.

Einen schönen Tag und viel Spaß wünscht Euch

Ed laugh

 

© by kiaw ³³

 

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