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#33 Rijeka – candidate city for ECoC 2020 Mystery Cache

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Crkvica Sv. Križa

Na brdu Sv. Križ na mjestu nekadašnjeg glavnog obrambenog bedema gradine, o čijem postojanju svjedoče hrpe kamenja na obje padine brijega, nalazi se crkvica Svetog Križa koju Vežičani nazivaju i kapelicom. U ispravi od 1670. godine spominje se kapela Svetog Križa riječima: "Sveti Križ nad Vezichu".

Ne zna se točno kada je crkvica izgrađena, no povijesni zapisi otkrivaju kako se 1607. godine za nju nabavila nova slika, a 1666. godine spominju se imena nekolicine mještana koji daruju crkvicu.

Iako u puku postoji predaja kako su crkvicu gradili Grci, što bi ukazivalo na njenu starost, kao činjenice svjedoče uklesana godina 1667. na prozoru crkvice te 1670. godina koja se može pročitati na svijećnjaku. Mještani su često hodočastili crkvicu u nesreći i potrebi, a 1724. godine u njoj je položen zavjet zbog kolere u Rijeci.

Na zvonu kapele bio je natpis "Z. D. Ton. Batista 1634.", što znači da je zvono izlio ljevač imenom Ivan Krstitelj. Za vrijeme Prvog svjetskog rata zvono je skinuto i uporabljeno za lijevanje oružja.

Crkva Sv. Križa bogata je poviješću i svojevrsni je biser istoimenoga brda.

 

Prapovijesna gradina na Svetom Križu

U životu gradine na Svetom Križu važnu ulogu imale su, s jedne strane dolina Drage, a s druge uvala Martinšćica. Na obje strane postoje trajni izvori i obradivo tlo, a zaštićena luka mogla je imati važnu ulogu u pomorskim aktivnostima Liburna koji su nastanjivali ovo područje. Plato gradine, u središnje dijelu, širok oko trideset metara, prati s južne strane nešto niže položena terasa široka mjestimice dvadesetak metara, dok se ispod sjevernog ruba platoa nalazi nekoliko manjih odvojenih terasastih proširenja. Na istočnoj strani plato se sužava i strmo spušta u dolinu Draškog potoka, koji odvaja Sveti Križ od susjedne gradine na brdu Solin iznad Kostrene. Na rubovima platoa i terasa upadljivi su slojevi "crne zemlje", tzv. kulturnog sloja koji nam svjedoči o kontinuiranom boravku ljudi i njihovim aktivnostima.

Na južnoj terasi brda Sv. Križ, povoljnoj za naseljavanje, najsunčanijoj i zaštićenoj od vjetrova, pronađeno je više ulomaka koji svjedoče o stalnom korištenju gradine u razdoblju od prapovijesti i antike.

U dvorištu obiteljske kuće, na površini u zemljanom iskopu, pronađen je mali kip poznate Rimske vučice. Laboratorij Arheološkog instituta u Zagrebu ustanovio je kako se radi o antičkoj skulpturi, vrlo rijetkoj i vrlo malo poznatoj muzejskim zbirkama na našim prostorima. Vučica je nakon konzervacije u Zagrebu vraćena u Pomorski i povijesni muzej hrvatskog primorja Rijeka. Uz prapovijesnu keramiku, nađen je i veliki broj ulomaka antičke – rimske keramike.

Na brdu Sv. Križ pronađena je pločica od pečene gline. Iako najkraći nalaz glagoljice, ova pločica spada među najvrjednije glagoljaške napise pronađene na širem riječkom području. Na krhotini su očuvana svega četiri čitka slova "jat", "s", "a" i "e", no iz njih nije moguće utvrditi cjelovit sadržaj štiva čijeg su dijela. Posebnost nalaza je u tome što se po prvi puta glagoljica nalazi na pločici od pečene gline. Prema starosti oblika slova, može se ustvrditi da napis potječe s kraja 13. stoljeća, što ga svrstava u najstarije dosad pronađene glagoljične napise na kopnenom području između Plomina i Senja.

Sveti Križ najstariji je arheološki lokalitet u Rijeci, a od ožujka 2006. godine, preventivno je zaštićen kao kulturno dobro Republike Hrvatske.

 

Vojno uporište na Svetom Križu

Tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata okupacijska vojna sila uočila je značenje brda Sveti Križ kao važnost strateške točke, pa je ovaj lokalitet pretvorila u vojno uporište. Na zapadnom dijelu brijega talijanska je vojska izgradila snažnu utvrdu s nastambama za vojnu posadu i  do nje prilaznu cestu. Danas je na mjestu vojne utvrde uređen Astronomski centar Rijeka.

Talijanska je vojska na istočnom dijelu brijega, na području nekadašnje prapovijesne građevine, na obje padine izgradila velike betonske bunkere, a ispod platoa mrežu podzemnih rovova odnosno tunela s nekoliko ulaza na obje strane. Do glavnog ulaza u tunele, pri vrhu južne padine izgrađena je prethodno spomenuta prilazna cesta.

Unutar stjenovitog grebena na istočnome kraju, iskopana je jama koja omogućava silazak u podzemno tunelsko sklonište. Na vrhu krajnjeg istočnog dijela sjeverne padine, pruža se pedeset metara dug suhozid, dok se uz njega nalaze temelji manje suhozidne građevine, koja je vjerojatno bila sklonište za vojnu posadu.

Pretpostavlja se da su izgradnjom raznih vojnih objekata na vršnom platou bili uklonjeni svi tragovi nekadašnjeg prapovijesnog naselja.

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Sv. Križ church

The Sv. Križ hill, the place where the main bastion of the fortress used to be, which is witnessed by piles of stones on both slopes of the hill, is the location of the small Sv. Križ church (church of the Holy Cross), often referred to as a chapel by the residents of Vežica. In a document dated 1670, a chapel of the Holy Cross is mentioned: “Sveti Križ nad Vezichu” (the Holly Cross above Vežica).

The exact construction date is unknown, but historical documents mention the acquisition of a new painting for the chapel in 1607, while the names of several locals are mentioned as donors of the chapel in 1666.

Even though there is a legend that the church was built by the Greeks, which would suggest its ancient origins, the facts point to its later origin – the year 1667 inscribed on the church window and 1670 on a chandelier. Locals used to make pilgrimage to the church in times of adversity or need and in 1724 they pled for help against cholera in Rijeka.

The chapel bell bore the following inscription: “Z. D. Ton. Batista 1634.”, which means it was cast by a man named John the Baptist. During World War One, the bell was taken down and used for casting weapons.

The Sv. Križ church has a rich history and is a gem of the eponymous hill.

 

The prehistoric fortress on the Sveti Križ hill

Throughout its existence, the fortress on the Sveti Križ hill was influenced by the events in the Draga valley on the one side and the Martinšćica bay on the other. Both sides feature permanent springs and arable land, and the protected port could have played an important role in the maritime activities of the Liburnians who inhabited this territory. Adjacent to the central part of the fortress plateau, which is 30 metres wide, is a southern lower terrace, up to 20 metres wide, while several smaller separated terrace broadenings are located under the northern edge of the plateau. The plateau narrows down on the eastern side and steeply declines into the Draški stream valley, which separates Sveti Križ from the neighbouring fortress on the Solin hill above Kostrena. The edges of the plateau and terraces are surrounded by layers of “black soil”, the so-called cultural layer showing a continuous presence of people and human activitiy.

On the southern terrace of the Sv. Križ hill, favourable for habitation, the sunniest and wind-protected terrace, several fragments were found, witnessing the continuous use of the fortress from the prehistoric times to the antique period.

In a trench at the excavation site of a courtyard of a family house, a small statue of the famous Capitoline Wolf was discovered. The Zagreb Institute of Archaeology laboratory has confirmed the antique origin of the statue, which is very rare and little known in the museum collections in the region. After conservation treatment in Zagreb, the statue was returned to the Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral in Rijeka. Apart from the prehistoric pottery, numerous fragments of Antique and Roman pottery were discovered.

On the Sv. Križ hill, a small plate made of fired clay was found. Even though it bears the shortest inscription in the Glagolitic alphabet, it is one of the most valuable Glagolitic artefacts found in the wider Rijeka area. The fragment preserves only four legible letters (“jat”, “s”, “a”, and “e”), and it is not possible to determine the complete content of the material. This fragment is special because it is the first time the Glagolitic alphabet is found on a fired-clay plate. According to the shape of the letters, the inscription can be dated to late 13th century, which makes it one of the oldest Glagolitic inscriptions in the land territory between Plomin and Senj.

Sveti Križ is the oldest archaeological site in Rijeka. It has been preventively protected as cultural heritage of the Republic of Croatia since March 2006.

 

Military stronghold on the Sveti Križ hill

During the World War II, the occupation army saw the Sveti Križ hill as a strategically important point and turned it into a military stronghold. On the western slopes of the hill, the Italian army erected a strong fortress with military settlements and an access road. The fortress has been converted into the Astronomical Centre Rijeka.

On the eastern slopes of the hill, where the prehistoric structure used to stand, the Italian army built huge concrete bunkers on both sides of the hill. Below the plateau, they constructed a network of underground canals and tunnels, with several entrances on both sides. The said access road led to a main entrance at the top of the southern slope.

A pit enabling descent into the underground tunnel shelter was dug out in the rocky ledge on the eastern side. The top of the easternmost part of the northern slope features a 50-metres-long dry stone wall and the foundations of a smaller dry stone wall building, which was probably used as a military shelter.

It is assumed that all traces of the former prehistoric settlement have been removed during the construction of various military facilities on the plateau.

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