Impresionizem je umetniška smer, ki se je pojavila v evropski umetnosti v drugi polovici 19.stoletja. Nastala je predvsem kot posledica potrebe po pomirjenju strasti in pretiravanj romantike ter njene pogoste izumetnicenosti in pateticnosti. Gibanje, ki je nastalo v Parizu, je bilo poimenovano po sliki Clauda Moneta Impression,soleil levant (Impresija, Vzhajajoce sonce), ki je nastala v letih 1872/1873.
Slovenski slikarji impresionisti so bili:
Rihard Jakopic (1869–1943)
Rihard Jakopic je bil osrednja in najmocnejša osebnost izmed cetverice slovenskih impresionistov.
Njegovi vlogi enega kljucnih umetnikov prve polovice 20. stoletja pri nas je ustrezala tudi njegova zunanja podoba, ki jo danes dobro poznamo iz Jakcevega portreta in drugih upodobitev. Podoba moškega z dolgo košato, sprva temno, nato pa sivkasto brado, ki spominja na Michelangelovo upodobitev Boga na stropu Sikstinske kapele, že na dalec izdaja poklic slikarja in k temu sodec umetniški duh.
Rihard Jakopic se je rodil 12. aprila leta 1869 v Ljubljani v premožni trgovski družini iz predmestja Krakovo. Preživljali so se s prodajo poljskih pridelkov. Že v šolskih letih ga je slikarstvo tako pritegnilo, da je v 6. razredu realke prekinil šolanje in se posvetil umetnosti. Leta 1887 se je vpisal na dunajsko akademijo, a je zaradi epilepticnih napadov za dve leti prekinil študij. Po koncanih dveh letnikih dunajske akademije se je leta 1890 vpisal na münchensko akademijo, kjer je zaradi nezadovoljstva s programom študij kmalu opustil.
V Münchnu pri Ažbetu
Izpopolnjeval se je v znameniti Ažbetovi šoli v Münchnu, kjer je se uril predvsem v slikanju aktov in portretov. Tam se je povezal tudi s slikarjem Ferdom Veselom in z njim raziskoval motiviko krajine. V zadnjem desetletju 19. stoletja je Ažbetovo šolo obiskoval predvsem v zimskih mesecih, spomladi leta 1900 pa se je za nekaj casa ustalil v Ljubljani.
Leta 1887 se je zarocil z Ano Czerny, h kateri se leta 1902 preselil v Škofjo Loko, dve leti pozneje pa se z njo tudi porocil. Leta 1906 se je vrnil v Ljubljano, kjer je ustvarjal vse do smrti.
Prvi nastop impresionistov
Okoli leta 1900, ko so se vsi štirje impresionisti predstavili na 1. slovenski umetniški razstavi, je pogosto slikal v Stranski vasi blizu Dobrove, prav tako pa v Trnovem in na Mirju, kjer mu je delal družbo Matija Jama. Z Jamo, Sternenom in Groharjem so se leta 1900 predstavili na 1. slovenski umetniški razstavi in dve leti pozneje še na 2. slovenski umetniški razstavi. Po slabem odzivu domace javnosti se je leta 1903 Jakopic odpravil na Dunaj, kjer se je na pregledni razstavi srecal z evropskim impresionizmom.
Že leto pozneje se je dunajskemu obcinstvu pod skupnim imenom kluba Sava predstavila tudi slovenska cetverica. Po uspešni predstavitvi pa so se zvrstile še skupinske predstavitve, od Beograda prek Krakova in Varšave do Rima. (Vec o tem tukaj.)
Jakopiceva šola in paviljon
Med letoma 1902 in 1906 ga je kot slikarja navduševala okolica Škofje Loke, kjer sta se mu pozneje pridružila tudi Sternen in Grohar. Po potovanju v London in Köln, kjer je doživel epilepticni napad, in postanku v Parizu je leta 1907 ob vrnitvi domov ustanovil risarsko in slikarsko šolo. To je sprva vodil skupaj z Matejem Sternenom, na njej pa so se med drugim šolali Pavel Gustincic, Fran Mesesnel, Mira Pintnar, Elza Pišcanec in drugi. Od leta 1914 je šolo vodil Jakopic sam.
Prepricanje, da je potreben stalen stik z javnostjo, je rodilo idejo o razstavnem paviljonu. Zamisel mu je uspelo uresniciti leta 1909 s stavbo po nacrtih arhitekta Maksa Fabijanija. Razstavišce, ki se ga je prijelo ime Jakopicev paviljon, je stalo ob zacetku Tivolija ob Jakopicevem sprehajališcu. V paviljonu si je Fabijani zamislil tako razstavne prostore kot prostore za Jakopicevo šolo, v kateri je pouceval do zacetka prve svetovne vojne. Jakopicev paviljon je bil vse do druge svetovne vojne osrednje razstavišce slovenske likovne umetnosti. Njegovo usodo je zapecatila prestavitev železniške proge, zaradi katere so paviljon kljub protestom podrli.
Od akademije do Moderne galerije
Jakopicu se je leta 1918 porodila tudi ideja o slovenski akademiji za likovno umetnost, ki pa je morala zaradi nezaupanja oblastem v moderno slovensko likovno umetnost še pocakati. Prav tako je štiri desetletja pozneje sodeloval pri snovanju Moderne galerije.
Jakopic se je podpisal tudi pod vrsto clankov. Pisal je o rojstvu impresionizma pri nas, s svojimi zapisi pa uveljavil teoreticne poglede, ki so usmerjale slikarstvo prve polovice preteklega stoletja. Raziskoval je predvsem odnos med naravo in izražanjem umetniške osebnosti, torej med impresijo in ekspresijo.
Leta 1938 je postal Jakopic redni clan novoustanovljenega SAZU-ja. Po njem je dobila ime tudi nagrada za najboljše dosežke v likovni umetnosti, ki jo podeljujejo od leta 1969.
Razstave
Ta izjemno plodovit umetnik in veliki ljubitelj narave je med ustvarjanjem svoja dela pogosto razstavljal, a vecinoma na skupinskih razstavah. Poleg že omenjenih razstav kluba Sava je bilo njegovo delo med drugimi lahko obcudovati v znameniti dunajski Secesiji leta 1905, 1906 in 1912. Kot eno osrednjih slovenskih umetniških imen prve polovice 20. stoletja je redno razstavlja tudi na vseh pomembnejših razstavah takratne jugoslovanske umetnosti tako doma kot v tujini.
Štirje veliki mojstri impresionizma – takrat so tako poleg Jakopica, Jame in Sternena obravnavali še Vesela, so pregledno retrospektivno razstavo doživeli leta 1927, dve leti pozneje pa so Jakopicevo 60-letnico poleg retrospektive pospremili z Jakopicevi jubilejnim zbornikom. Njegovo delo je bilo skupaj z deli preostalih impresionistov veckrat razstavljeno tudi po vojni, in sicer v letih 1949, 1953, 1955, in v veliki retrospektivi leta 1970.
Jakopic je vseskozi spodbujal tudi mlade umetnike in jim pomagal pri razstavljanju, skrbel za obstoj paviljona in si neutrudno prizadeval za financno in moralno podoporo slovenske umetnosti.
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Impressionism is the art direction, which appeared in European art in the second half of the 19th century. It was created primarily as a result of the need to calming passions and excesses of Romanticism and its frequent soppiness and pathos. The movement, which started in Paris, was named after a painting by Claude Monet Impression, soleil levant (Impression, rising sun), which was built in the years 1872/1873.
Slovenian Impressionist painters were:
• Ivan Grohar
• Matija Jama
• Rihard Jakopic(born in Krakovo in the vicinity)
• Matej Sternen
Rihard Jakopic (1869-1943)
Rihard was the central and most powerful personality of the quartet of Slovenian impressionists.
Its role as one of the key artists of the first half of the 20th century in our country is also adequate for its look, now we know from Jakcev portraits and other depictions. The image of a man with a long dense, dark at first, then greyish beard, reminiscent of Michelangelo's depiction of God in the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, a distance issue practicing artist and to this judging artistic spirit.
Rihard was born on 12th in April 1869 in Ljubljana, a wealthy merchant family in the suburbs Krakovo. They spend by selling field products. Already in the school year by painting so attracted to the sixth grade secondary school dropped out of school and turned to art. In 1887 he enrolled at the Vienna Academy, but due to seizures for two years suspension of studies. After the completion of two years of the Vienna Academy in 1890 enrolled at the Munich Academy, where as a result of dissatisfaction with the program of studies soon abandoned.
In Munich at Anton Ažbe
He attended the famous Ažbetova school in Munich, where he is trained primarily in imaging instruments and portraits. There is also connected with the painter Ferdo Vesel and its research themes landscape. In the last decade of 19th century Ažbetova school he attended primarily during the winter months in the spring of 1900 it was for some time settled in.
In 1887 he got engaged to Anna Czerny, to which in 1902 moved to Škofja Loka and two years later they are married. In 1906 he returned to Ljubljana, where he worked until his death.
The first show of Impressionism
Around 1900, when all four present at the first Impressionist Slovenian art exhibition, it is often painted in a village near Dobrova Side, as well as near the center and to the Mirje, where he worked with the company Matija Jama. The cave, Sternenom and Grohar have in 1900 presented the first Slovenian art exhibition and two years later in the second Slovenian art exhibition. After a poor response to domestic public was in 1903 Jakopic went to Vienna, where the transparent exhibition met with the European impressionism.
A year later, the Viennese audience under the common name of the club presented the Slovenian Sava Quartet. After the successful presentation of this there are still group presentation from Belgrade through Krakow and Warsaw to Rome.
Jakopic school and pavilion
Between 1902 and 1906 by the artist as inspired surroundings of Škofja Loka, where he later joined Sternen and Grohar. After traveling to London and Köln , where he experienced seizures, and a stopover in Paris in 1907 on his return home up drawing and painting school. This initially led together with Matej Sternen, in which, among other things schooled Paul Gustincic, Fran mesesnel, Mira Pintnar, Elza Pišcanec and others. Since 1914, the school led Jakopic himself.
The belief that a permanent contact with the public, was born the idea of ??the exhibition pavilion. The idea he managed to appear in the 1909 building by architect Max Fabijanija. Exhibition, which has already gotten the name Jakopic pavilion, stood at the beginning of Tivoli at Jakopic promenade. The pavilion has Fabijani conceived as exhibition spaces as spaces for Jakopicevo school where he taught until the First World War. Jakopic pavilion was up to the Second World War, the central exhibition of Slovenian art. His fate is sealed to move the railway line, which led pavilion was demolished despite protests.
From the Academy of Modern Art
Jakopic was born in 1918, the idea of ??the Slovenian Academy of Fine Arts, which, due to mistrust of authorities in modern Slovenian Fine Arts have to wait. It is also four years later participated in the design of Modern Art.
Jakopic was also signed in the series of articles. He wrote about the birth impresionism with us, with their records and established theoretical perspectives that guide the painting of the first half of last century. Exploring the particular relationship between nature and artistic expression of personality, that is the impression and expression.
In 1938 he became a regular member of the newly Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. After it was named the award for best achievement in visual arts, awarded by the 1969.
Exhibitions
It is a very prolific artist and a great lover of nature, while creating their works are often exhibited, but mainly in group exhibitions. In addition to the exhibitions of the club said Sava was his work, among others can admire the famous Viennese Secession in 1905, 1906 and the 1912th As one of the main Slovenian artistic names of the first half of the 20th century is also exhibited regularly at all major exhibitions of the then Yugoslav art both at home and abroad.
Four Grand Masters of Impressionism - then, in addition to Jakopic, Jama and Sternen discussed the happy, is transparently a retrospective exhibition experienced in 1927, two years later they Jakopicevo 60-year retrospective accompanied by the addition Jakopic zbornikom jubilee. His work, together with the remaining parts of the Impressionists often exhibited after the war, in the years 1949, 1953, 1955, and a large retrospective in 1970.
Jakopic always encourage the young artists and helping them to display, care for the existence of the pavilion and make strenuous efforts for the financial and moral podoporo Slovenian art.