"Zelezna"
historie Vysociny - BONUS
Velka Losenice
Tentokrat to nebude o historii, nybrz o
technologii
Souradnice teto kese ziskate az po navsteve techto
kesi:
Polnicka a
Stare Ransko
O cele serii, proc vznikla a co
obsahuje
Rekne-li se "Vysocina", asi si kazdy z nas predstavi krasnou, i
kdyz trochu drsnou, prirodu.
Dal se nase predstavy mohou rozchazet, podle toho, co kazdy z
Vysociny zname.
Je tu ale minulost a historie, ktera plati pro nas vsechny
stejne.
Ta „vysocinska“ je jednoznacne nejvice spojena s
HUTNICTVIM A VYROBOU ZELEZA.
Vyrobky mistnich zelezaren kdysi putovaly do cele tehdejsi
Evropy.
Metalurgie zeleza zde trvala nepretrzite od poloviny 14. do konce
19. stoleti.
Nezapomente! Nejdrive musite navstivit tyto dve kesky
serie.
Toto je bonus kes a takovy je i text listingu. Jeho prectecteni
NEMA vliv na nalezeni samotne kese. Budeme ale radi, kdyz si ho i
tak prectete. Mozna se dozvite neco, co jste doposud
nevedeli.
O Velke Losenici, resp. Vysoke peci a zeleze
Velkou
Losenici – jakozto posledni kesku teto serie, jsme si vybrali
z toho duvodu, ze zastupuje metalurgii v oblasti Horniho
Podoubravi a Pribyslavska. Vyrobky mistnich zelezaru byly tak
dobre, ze se prodavaly i za hranicemi. Mistni zelezo melo dokonce
svoje vlastni obchodni oznaceni - tzv. "ZDARSKE
ZELEZO"
Tentokrat upustime od dalsi historie, protoze te si uzijete az dost
v dalsich dvou keskach teto serie a radeji se pokusime mluvit o
necem, co v zelezarske historii sehralo tak vyznamnou roli. Tim
necim je VYSOKA PEC. Na zaver si muzete v listingu precist i
par slov o samotnem produktu vysoke pece - tedy ZELEZE.
Aby toto povidani bylo pro vas alespon trochu
„stravitelne“ budeme mluvit jen velmi zjednodusene a
tim padem i tak trochu nepresne. Doufame, ze odbornici ve vasi
radach prominou.
Vysoka pec je stavba ovalneho tvaru cca 30m vysoka a 10m v prumeru,
v niz se vyrabi zelezo tavenim zeleznych rud.
Existuje cela rada rud, obsahujicich zelezo. My budeme mluvit jen o
te, ktera ma toho zeleza nejvic nebo skoro nejvic.
Je to HEMATIT, neboli krevel neboli Fe 2 O 3 . (viz
obrazek)
Vyroba zeleza zacina tak, ze se shora do pece vlozi vsazka –
tedy zelezna ruda (Hematit), dale koks a
struskotvorne suroviny. Drive se namisto koksu pouzivalo
drevene uhli. Koks nebo uhli - pro nas to ted bude
palivo. Zespodu se do pece nepretrzite vhani horky vzduch
obohaceny kyslikem. Horky vzduch spaluje palivo za vzniku
CO 2 – oxidu
uhliciteho, ktery dale za vysokych teplot prechazi na oxid uhlenaty
- CO.
Oxid
uhelnaty prostupuje vsazkou – tedy i zeleznou rudou – a
redukuje (zbavuje kysliku) rudu na samotne zelezo – tedy
Fe.
V peci dochazi
postupne k nekolika chemickym reakcim. Chemicky zapis te uplne
posledni, pri ktere vznika samotne zelezo, je
nasledujici:
Fe2O3+ 3
C ->
2 Fe + 3 CO
Teplota v peci je hodne pres 1500°C, takze zelezo je tam v
tekutem stavu. Steka proto do spodni casti pece odkud se jednou za
4 – 6 hodin vypousti. Struska, ve ktere jsou navazany veskere
necistoty se se zelezem nesmisi. Plave na povrchu a jeste tak
chrani zelezo pred oxidaci horkym vzduchem v peci. Struska se
vypousti horni casti pece a lze ji vyuzit ve stavebnictvi napr. pri
vyrobe tvarnic. Protoze zelezo na sve ceste dolu prochazi palivem
(tedy koksem, nebo drevenym uhlim) obohati se jeste urcitym
mnozstvim uhliku. Prohlednete si obrazek.
Takto vyprodukovane SUROVE ZELEZO, ktere obsahuje pomerne
hodne uhliku „C“, lze pouzit jako litinu
anebo (a to hlavne) na vyrobu OCELI = ZUSLECHTENE ZELEZO. To
uz obsahuje uhliku podstatne mene. Protoze ale samotne zelezo nema
moc dobre mechanicke vlastnosti, zuslechtuje se ocel dale na tzv.
USLECHTILOU (LEGOVANOU) OCEL tim, ze se do zeleza pridaji
dalsi kovy jako je Nikl, Chrom neboKobalt.
Ocel se dale muze zuslechtovat kalenim, popoustenim, cimz se
da dale zlepsit pevnost, ci tvrdost oceli.
Tak jste si to (mozna) cele precetli a pokud jste uz byli v
Polnicce a Starem Ransku, muzete se vydat pro kesku
SOURADNICE FINALKY
_________________________________________________________________________
N
49° 34.
Polnicka
E
015° 49.
Stare Ransko
_________________________________________________________________________
O kesce a jak na ni ...
Tady neni
co dodavat ....
Prejeme pekny vylet a uspesny odlov
================================= E
N G L I S H
====================================
"Iron" history of Vysocina
Velka Losenice - a BONUS
(after you have dropped by POLNICKA and STARE RANSKO
only)
About the series, why it emerged and what it
contains?
A term
„Vysocina (Highlands)“, to most of us, stands for a
beautiful, maybe a bit harsh, nature. Then, we may start thinking
of great variety of things depending on what each of us has ever
come accross here. Nontheless the past and the history always
equally applies to all of us.
That of Vysocina is most of all linked with the metallurgy
and iron production. Products of local ironworks were being sold
all over the Europe. The history of metallurgy lasted unremittingly
from the half of 14th century till the end of 19th
century.
ATTENTION:
This cache is BONUS CACHE the co-ordinates of which you get by
visiting other two caches of the series - POLNICKA an STARE
RANSKO!!!!
About Velka Losenice, Blast furnace
and the Iron
We’ve
chosen Velka Losenice as a representative of the metallurgy in a
region of Horni Podoubravi and Pribyslavsko. The products of the
local shops were so good, that they were being sold even abroad.
Local iron beared a trademark of "ZDARSKE IRON". Ok, no more
history this time (enough of that in the other two caches of this
series) and let us talk a bit about the BLAST FURNACE and the IRON
itself, which other two caches do not talk about.
The Blast furnace is about 30m high and 10m in diameter oval
structure. The IRON is produced by melting down the IRON ORE. There
are several kinds of ores containing iron. We will be talking about
the most common one which contains iron most. This ore is called a
HEMATIT ( Fe
2 O 3)
– on the picture)
.
A charge comprising the iron ore, coke and some scorifying raw
materials are put into the furnace. Charcoal used to be used
instead of coke in the past. Whether coke or charcoal – let
us call them both a fuel. An uninterrupted flow of the hot air
enriched with the oxygen from the bottom of the furnace reactes
with Carbon giving rise to carbon dioxide - CO 2, which further turns
into a carbon monoxide - CO. CO continues to rise
upwards through the charge (iron ore) stripping the ore of the
oxygen. The IRON – Fe develops. There are several
chemical reactions taking place in the furnace. The chemical
notation of the very last one – the one which the IRON itself
develops from – is the following:
Fe2O3+ 3 C ->
2 Fe + 3 CO
Melted PIG (raw) IRON keeps gradually descending down the walls of
the furnace, where it is tapped from every 4-6 hours. The slag
separates from iron while picking up all the impurities and
uncessary particles. It also prevents the liquid pig iron from
reacting with oxygen inside the furnace. PIG IRON contains
quite a large amount of Carbon „C“. It can either be
used as a CAST-IRON or, more imporantly, to produce STEEL =
REFINED IRON. This material contains remarkably less carbon.
Due to the fact, that mechanical properties of raw iron are not
very good, the steel is further refined by adding another metals
like Nickel, Chrome or Cobalt which turns steel into a
HIGH-GRADE REFINED STEEL. It is however possible to further
improve the properties by hardening, annealing, and
tempering processes.
Ok, enough about that ... we just focused on the principles and
tried to make you realize that not all "iron" is iron
...
So,
after you might have read this text already been to Polnicka and
Stare Ransko, just set out to for the cache
The Final Co-ordinates
N
49° 34.
Polnicka
E
015° 49.
Stare Ransko
Have a good trip